USC Upstate Admissions SAT Scores, Financial Aid...

The Effect of John Keats Health on His Work Essay

The Effect of John Keats Health on His Work In his elegy for the poet John Keats, Adonais, his friend and fellow poet Percy Bysshe Shelley writes: With me / Died Adonais; till the Future dares / Forget the Past, his fate and fame shall be / An echo and a light unto eternity (6-9). Shelley speaks of the eternal nature of Keats poetry, which, although written at a specific time in literary history, addresses timeless issues such as life, death, love, sorrow, and poetic expression. Keats lived only twenty-six years, but his poetry reflects a mind concerned with his own place in the present and the future; he seemed to want most desperately to belong to the world as a poet.†¦show more content†¦She returned when she was dying of tuberculosis, and she (and her brother) did die of that disease in 1809 (Keats). Keats was, therefore, a solitary child who grew very protective of his siblings. This protectiveness of others is clear in his poetry as he tries to make sense of death, grief, and suffering. Keats sense that his role as a writer was to ease the suffering of others is nowhere clearer than in Ode to a Nightingale, written in 1819. In this poem he speaks to the lonely songbird, the nightingale, and says he envies her ability to sing so beautifully. The nightingale sings because she is not a part of the world of human suffering. As one critic writes, the viewless (invisible) wings of Poesy transport the poet to the imagined world of the nightingale while shutting out the view of the worlds fever and fret (Clark). Keats says he hopes that through the nightingales song his own humanity will fade, and he will forget his own troubles. He hopes to fade away into the forest dim: / Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forget / . . . The weariness, the fever, and the fret / Here, where men sit and hear each other groan; / Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last grey hairs, / . .Show MoreRelatedThomas Keats And Frances Jennings Essay1033 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Keats and Frances Jennings gave birth to John Keats on 31 October 1795 at his grandfather’s livery stable in London, United Kingdom.(â€Å"Keats, John (1795-1821).†) His father died in a riding accident when John was only 8 years old. As for John’s mother, she died when he was 14 years old due to tuberculosis.(â€Å"Keats, John (1795-1821).†) John had two younger brothers, George and Tom, and a younger sister named Fanny. John and his brother’s George and their younger brother went to John Clarke’sRead MoreEssay On John Keats1035 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Keats Thomas Keats and Frances Jennings gave birth to John Keats on 31 October 1795 at his grandfather’s livery stable in London, United Kingdom.(â€Å"Keats, John (1795-1821).†) His father died in a riding accident when John was only 8 years old. As for John’s mother, she died when he was 14 years old due to tuberculosis.(â€Å"Keats, John (1795-1821).†) John had two younger brothers, George and Tom, and a younger sister named Fanny. John and his brother’s George and their younger brother went to JohnRead MoreJohn Keats Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesThomas Keats and Frances Jennings gave birth to the infamous John Keats on 31 October 1795 at his grandfather’s stable in London, United Kingdom.(â€Å"Keats, John (1795-1821).†) In early adolescence, Keat’s father had encountered an accident while riding which led to his death when John was a measly 8 year old. As for John’s mother, she deceased when he was 14 years old due to t he tragic disease tuberculosis.(â€Å"Keats, John (1795-1821).†) John was succeeded by two younger brothers, George and Tom and alsoRead MoreJohn Keats’ Poem, When I Have Fears That I May Cease To1403 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Keats’ poem, When I have fears that I may cease to be, is a well-known work that embodies many Romantic principles. The poem, explored in the context of Keats’ suffering from consumption, laments human impermanence while simultaneously exploring philosophical notions. Keats implements the use of the Shakespearean sonnet with each quatrain, beginning with the ambiguous, but time-bound word ‘when,’ manifesting these ideas in unique ways. When I have fears that I may cease to be uses the structureRead MoreAnalysis Of John Keats s Poem2045 Words   |  9 Pagesand can show an in depth meaning about these two words. In this poem John Keats was explaining that one of life’s best pleasures in this world is to â€Å" to sleep†. This is because people are asleep and their mind can be free, also because lives troubles can be set aside. When sleeping people can place themselves in a peaceful environment. Through the later verses though, he expresses the only solution is to wait for death. Keats is narrating a story about himself. Another interpretation can be , isRead MoreThe Great Poets Of The Early Nineteenth Century Essay1780 Words   |  8 Pagesnineteenth century, John Keats (1795-1821) was the last to be born and first to die. Born in London, England, on October 31, 1795, to a poor stable keeper, John Keats devoted his short life to the perfection of poetry marked by intense imagery, great sensuous appeal and an attempt to express a philosophy through classical legend. Although he was brought up amid surroundings and influences by no means calculated to awaken poetic genius. Rendered an orphan at the tender age of eight, his father’s deathRead More To Autumn - The Final Season I n the Life of a Poet Essay examples1778 Words   |  8 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The years between 1818 and 1821 mark the final stage in John Keats life. During this time period, Keats created some of his best poetry. These works would forever elevate Keats as a brilliant and talented poet whose mark would be left on the literary world forever. The last years of Keats life were met with many challenges as well as inspirations. It was a combination of these which not only influenced, but inspired Keats to write such poems as, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia, TheRead MoreHow Poets of the Eighteenth Century Handled Love2802 Words   |  12 Pagesan outlet to experience and express love. Eighteenth century poets: Robert Frost, Emily Dickerson, John Keats and Edgar Allen Poe were infamous for their poetic contributions to the literary world; because of their extraordinary gifts of expression we are able to understand different aspects of what it was like to experience love in the eighte enth century. The aforementioned poets through their works give insight and words to an emotion many spend lifetimes trying to grasp, while many never understandRead MoreBenefits Of Depression By Nancy Andreasen844 Words   |  4 PagesA much more positive way to see depression is to look at benefits of depression. Nancy Andreasen argues that depression is closely associated with a â€Å"cognitive style† that makes people more likely to produce successful works of art (Lehrer, Jonah). One of the most important qualities in the creative process is persistent and based on Iowa Writers’ Workshop, Andreasen found that â€Å"successful writers are like prizefighters who keep on getting hit but won’t go down. They’ll stick with it until it’s right†Read More The Pre-Raphaelites Essay3594 Words   |  15 PagesPre-Raphaelites, a group made up of 19th-century English painters, poets, and critics whos work responded towards the practice of Victorian and neoclassi cal subject mater by developing bright imitations of religious work. More specifically, and of the most beautiful are the paintings of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and their followers, bright and clear colours, fair women and themes from myths and legends.(Darkamber 1). The groups source of inspiration came from early Renaissance painters and

American Society Free Essays

With its fiftieth anniversary, scholars have had ample reason to return their attention to Brown and reassess its meaning. From the Grassroots to the Supreme Court: Brown v. Board of Education and American Democracy represents one of the earliest efforts, drawn from a conference convened at the University of South Carolina in 2002. We will write a custom essay sample on American Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the words of Peter F. Lau, the editor, this collection â€Å"reinforces long-held views of the decision’s seminal importance and revolutionary nature† (p. 13). While the sixteen contributors to the book, scholars of law and history, largely support the above claim, their findings are not a simplistic restatement that Brown launched the civil rights movement. Instead, a more nuanced picture emerges, one that covers a broad span of time, combines bottom-up and top-down methodologies, contextualizes the integrationist campaign within larger themes of grassroots activism and constitutional change, and still accounts for variables of race, class, and region. Although the collection is kaleidoscopic, its essays essentially operate along two perspectives. The first draws connections between long-standing traditions of grassroots activism and the traditional narrative of Brown. As studies by Raymond Gavins, Kara Miles Turner, and Peter Lau make clear, before Brown local activists sought legal remedies as part of a larger, comprehensive fight for equality. Alongside celebrated battles in the courtrooms, they pressed other campaigns for voting rights and economic justice. Enriching our understanding of grassroots mobilization, other essays demonstrate that activists had to contend not simply with external obstacles but also with internal divisions of race, class, gender, language, and culture. Similarly, Tomiko Brown-Nagin skillfully explores intraracial tensions over the handling of post-Brown litigation in Atlanta. Christina Greene focuses on the often-overlooked role of women’s activism in her sharp study of Durham, North Carolina, while Laurie B. Green addresses the dynamics of urban-rural relationships by employing a much-needed metropolitan approach to her exploration of Memphis and the surrounding Mississippi Delta. Other essays complicate the traditional narrative further, moving beyond the bounds of black-white relations to address experiences of other communities of color, especially outside the South. Furthermore, in a sweeping essay by Vicki L. Ruiz, he examines the meaning of segregated education for Mexican Americans, Asian Americans, and Native Americans in the West. Also, Madeleine Lopez likewise offers a focused study of Puerto Rican experiences with desegregation in New York City, where campaigns for bilingual education complicated the integrationist struggle. In conclusion, the essays in the book embrace Brown, yet assert that the case represented but one component of the larger civil rights revolution. Indeed, as the collection suggests, during the twentieth century the struggle for integration and the struggle for equality diverged as often as they merged. As Lau notes, â€Å"Seldom does significant change occur from any single source or emanate from any single direction† (p. 14). Therefore, the book offers a picture of the civil rights revolution that is appropriately diverse and complex. LITERACY AND RACIAL JUSTICE: THE POLITICS OF LEARNING AFTER BROWN V BOARD OF EDUCATION. This book by Catherine Prendergast examines the critical issues raised in the celebrated case of Brown v Board of Education. It must be noted that the five essays that make up Prendergast’s volume plot the â€Å"intersections† between racial politics and educational practice and, in so doing, shed a great deal of light on the nature and intent of current educational initiatives and controversies. In the introduction and in Chapter 1, â€Å"The Economy of Literacy,† Prendergast examines the Brown ruling, a ruling that was ostensibly intended to end racism’s power over educational policy and practice, but ultimately did not! The author uses contemporary literacy theory and critical race theorists’ reading of the Brown ruling to argue that the justices’ explicit and implicit arguments reify a view of education as essentially White property. That is, the arguments and remedies of Brown constructed equal opportunity as the right of racial minorities to be educated among Whites: the quality of schooling that Black children receive is directly dependent not only on a White presence in schools but on Whites’ implicit willingness to share their privilege and property with Black children. It must also be noted that the book’s remaining chapters–â€Å"Desegregation Comes to the Piedmont: Locating Ways with Word,† â€Å"Give me your Literate,† and â€Å"Literacy and Racial Justice in Practice: High School X†Ã¢â‚¬â€œmay be of most use and interest to a slightly narrower audience of writing teachers, language theorists, and educational researchers. Chapter Three examines the seeming absence of race issues and racial identity in Shirley Brice Heath’s Ways with Words. The final essay in the volume, â€Å"Literacy and Racial Justice in Practice,† is based on Prendergast’s experiences as a tutor and aide, and later as a researcher, at â€Å"High School X† (a pseudonym for a Midwestern alternative high school). Here, Prendergast presents a realistic view of the stresses, tensions, and occasional triumphs of a partially-integrated school whose mission is an explicit recognition and celebration of difference. Although the lack of financial support for the school in the local African American community is an ongoing frustration for school administrators, Prendergast maintains that her study of HSX can provide some particularized insights for teachers and researchers and some â€Å"lessons† for a realistic approach to the ongoing racism of the American education system. The book’s conclusion addresses the thorny issues of ubiquitous educational testing, the role of the scholar in political change, and the reparations movement. Finally, Although the book is not without its faults–for instance, Prendergast’s analysis of the court cases would have been more compelling had she examined the rulings and opinions of the justices, rather than relying on secondary sources, and the way that the term â€Å"literacy† slips around, unmoored by any attempt at definition, can be confusing–Literacy and Racial Justice tells an important story. Readers will discover in this story new insights into their own experiences–as students, teachers, and scholars–even as they struggle, with Prendergast, to understand both the too-often disheartening realities of today’s schools and the society whose history and values those schools enact. References 1. Lau, Peter F. , Ed. From the Grassroots to the Supreme Court: Brown v. Board of Education and American Democracy Durham, NC: Duke University Press 406 pp. , $25. 95, ISBN 0-8223-3449-6 Publication Date: February 2005 2. Brown v. Board of Education: Caste, Culture, and the Constitution. By Robert J. Cottrol, Raymond T. Diamond, and Leland B. Ware. Landmark Law Cases and American Society. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, c. 2003. Pp. xii, 292. Paper, $15. 95, ISBN 0-7006-1289-0; cloth, $25. 00, ISBN 0-7006-1288-2. ) 3. From the Grassroots to the Supreme Court: Brown v. Board of Education and American Democracy. Edited by Peter F. Lau. Constitutional Conflicts. (Durham, N. C. , and London: Duke University Press, c. 2004. Pp. x, 406. Paper, $25. 95, ISBN 0-8223-3449-6; cloth, $94. 95, ISBN 0-8223-3475-5. ) 4. Catherine Prendergast. Literacy and Racial Justice: The Politics of Learning after Brown v. Board of Education. Carbondale: Southern Illinois UP, 2003. 205 pp. $25. 00. How to cite American Society, Papers American society Free Essays What aspect of American society do you feel are most in need of change? Why? How do you think this change can best be brought about? How can the legal profession bring about change? The aspect of American society that I believe should be changed is the immigration policies and laws. Basically, according to the 1990 Immigration Act, the United States can allow only up to 700,000 immigrants per year. The main premise behind this law is for the reunification of families who have been separated by various circumstances. We will write a custom essay sample on American society or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, despite strict immigration laws and policies, there are roughly 10 million illegal immigrants or aliens who currently live in the United States. Most of these immigrants come from the Philippines, India, and China. These figures generally show two sides of the issue which most of the time contributes to the legislative and other legal impediments to the problem at hand. On one side, the staggering number of undocumented immigrants is a good proof of the attractiveness of America. Around the world, despite the global economic crisis, many people still believe that there are greener pastures and better jobs in the United States. Although there are millions of illegal immigrants who work in the country, it is ultimately beneficial to the economy. On the other hand, the massive number of immigrants poses a larger problem particularly in national security. Although this security threat is indirect, it could alter laws, redirect resources, and most of all, serve as a cover for criminals, extremists, and terrorists, among others. Meaning to say, there must be a comprehensive law or program that will more or less fix these problems mentioned above while at the same time ensuring that these illegal immigrants are somehow given a chance to live prosperous lives. Basically, the law profession plays a powerful role in deciding the fate of these immigrants as the decision of allowing them to stay or sending back to their mother countries lies on American immigration laws. Considering the fact the there is a very large number of illegal aliens in the country despite stringent immigration laws, it can be then deduced that something is lacking in the country’s immigration system. Therefore, at the very least, a program that caters to non-citizen guest workers should be crafted in order to address this problem. Most of all, this program should ultimately result in economic gains and incentives for the United States. The legal profession can then lobby and call for the advocacy of this kind of program in Congress to ensure its legitimacy. Although there can be multiple dimensions to the program mentioned above, it should more or less revolve around certain principles. The most important of which are the immigration costs and benefits. The legal profession, in collaboration with concerned government agencies and groups, can conduct studies and researches on this area so that an effective immigration program can be made. The law profession can also craft a system in which all guest workers entering the U.S. be identified immediately. Basically, the key to cracking down illegal immigrants is swiftness together with the help of technological advancements such as biometric identification, which include fingerprints and retinal scans, among many others. Current migrant workers must also be presented with benefits if they choose to take part in the program. Moreover, the law profession can also stress that being a guest worker in the United States should not be viewed as a way to gain citizenship so that foreign migrants will not be oversupplied. Furthermore, lawyers can also petition for the review of existing immigration laws so that possible irregularities and loopholes can be addressed.   In short, what the law profession can do to address these problems in immigration to the United States is to ensure stricter and more effective implementation of old laws and the crafting of new ones that will resolve the issue while ensuring that economic benefits are attained. How to cite American society, Papers

Residential School free essay sample

Treaties were signed by the Aboriginal people in the year of 1872, when the European settlers came to Canada. The negotiation lead into another subject in which they would build a residential school for the children of the Aboriginal people where they can help them in improving their economic and social practices. They negotiated with the Aboriginal people of Canada about sharing the land with both parties benefiting from its resources. British, Europeans including the church itself felt that they have the responsibility to help the Aboriginal People in following or incorporating how they run their political, economic and social customs. They were promised that in signing the treaty, they would still be able to continue preserving their culture, traditions, ceremonies and anything that deals with their way of living and beliefs, which was the opposite of what Residential Schools had brought the children. This leads the Aboriginal people in signing the contract known as Treaty. The First Nations believed that the lands they have were created to be shared, not owned. The Europeans made allies with First Nations through gift giving. The treaty was an agreement to share the land as equals. They saw treaties as ways to secure lands. The treaties were understood to be legacies that bring peace, harmony and ways to show respect. The intent of the treaty was that they’d be given land and would not be interfered with. Inside Residential School, it was agreed on that they would teach the children how to cook, dew, how to solve mathematical problems, how to speak other language mainly English, how to farm and make a use of their lands and resources. When Residential Schools were built in the year of 1800’s, the Aboriginal people were shocked because of the fact that it was not built anywhere on the Reserves instead somewhere far from what they had agreed on. The Europeans decided to build the reserves to make it easier for them o control the children, it would also make it easier for them to keep the children away from their family especially their cultures. Running Head: R When Residential Schools had finally opened, children were forced to attend school even if they don’t want to. Although First Nations and the Europeans people had both agreed that only children who wanted to attend Residential School are the only ones attending it. Children at a young age were dragged out of their h omes and were thrown inside Residential School. Nuns, Priest and Nurses were the ones to pick them up. They all cried at night wishing they were backing home with their parents. They all felt alone. The children were all seeking for the same thing, love and care, which the Residential School always failed to provide, instead, they would treat them as if the children were animals. Children were physically, mentally, spiritually and sexually abused. Children were punished over small mistakes and shortcomings they have committed. Abuse is the one of the most controversial happenings that occurred inside Residential Schools. They were criticized for having dark skin and the darker you were; the more you were looked down to. Some children got their tongue run over a sewing machine for speaking their language and some were asked to scrub their skin by a steal brush to remove their tan skin and became pale just like the Europeans and the paler you were, you likely to became one of the teacher’s pet. Children were killed for being used in medical experimentations, including the removal of their organs, and they were also beaten to the point where they suffer from broken arm, leg, ribs and fractures skulls, including concussion. The administrators of Residential School including nuns and priests sexually abused children, male and female. A man down in the laundry room for a long time was molesting her. She did not know how to fight back and she did not have the guts to tell anyone and she’s also scared to what’s going to happen. They were told that if they ever tell anybody, they would never see their family again. They were threatened and blackmailed for telling the truth and they were also threatened of being striped or to be given a heavier punishment. Running Head: If the children finally had the guts to tell people in higher ranks, chances were they never believed them, possibly because they are one of them. Female children had gone through abortion as a result of rape. Nuns became pregnant for sexually abusing boys. There were some failures: to bring out incidents to those in higher authorities, appropriate provincial governmental authorities, to protect the children from abuses, to remove known administrators who committed sexual harassments inside Residential School and lastly, to fulfill the promise of education for Aboriginal people. Children were sickness that could have been cured but did not because they were not given a care and medicines. They were abused to the point where they felt nothing but pain. People who went to Residential Schools and had an experience and suffered from all the abuse that you can possibly think of had trouble coping up with life. The abuse had left an unbearable pain in their heart and in their memories that never failed to hunt them. The shame they have felt whenever they are reminded of what had happened inside the school the fear of telling someone what happened scared to face the consequences. The trauma and phobia which lead to addiction trying to be naive and ignore the pain. The isolation of the memories, where try to forget everything which lead to suicide. The strong impact, shame and sexual abuse, which lead her to a prostitute. The physical abuse that broke their arms, ribs and legs which caused them to be using wheel chairs in able to move from one place to another. The necessity of learning English, which caused the children to forget their own language. Some came out of Residential School not knowing anything about their culture and some wished they never were First Nations because of the criticism and the abuse they have experienced. The fact that a part of their identity was taken away from them. Think about their lost souls trying to find the real they, also, think about their lives of the children wasted and uncared for. Many innocent children lost their precious lives because of people’s ignorance. The pain they carried, kept and trying to burry Running Head: under their feet, but could not. The shame of telling anybody what they have experienced because they are scared to be judged, or scared to feel the burden and pain ever again. Residential Schools in Canada had failed to live up to the promised they agreed on in the numbered treaties. Due to Residential School, children of Aboriginal people lost their culture.

Recommendations following analysis of the Shuzworld firms current management predicaments

Below is a list of recommendations from the study, the recommendations are backed up with statistical proofs as per their workability and possible outcome and they address the key four areas of concern which my analysis paid attention to.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendations following analysis of the Shuzworld firm’s current management predicaments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How to improve the current workflow in the plant Workflow forms the backbone of this company and for its success, the workforce has to be catered for and their issues addressed as soon as possible to avert a looming industrial action that would precede any form of dissatisfaction form the employee. For productivity to be enhanced, employees must be motivated. The management of the firm is well motivated by the good working environment that the firm offers and they undertake their management duties with lots of enthusia sm. This is very good, however, it is of essence that other junior staff members of the firm feel the same way and work with a similar zeal, failure of which the firm with all its branches faces an eminent oblivion (Miller, 1995). Some of the key motivators that would increase work out put include the realization that money can be a major employee motivator. Employees; both the permanently employed and those on casual basis, must be remunerated in a manner which shows gratitude and instills a sense of self-worth to the workforce. A motivated employee is more likely to impact the firm positively, the firm must thus ensure that there is equity at the workplace and appreciate excellence and hard work put in by a given employee (Guest, 1964). Making the workforce competitive and providing some other incentives such as insurance and on job training opportunities would make these very fundamental members of the firm develop a sense of belonging. The feeling of patriotism would help safegu ard the secrets of the company and make the employees work with vigor for the overall good of the company. China, like the United States of America, is not a cheap labor market. To attract more employees, the firm must offer a very competitive remuneration. To record higher rate of production, the firm should double the number of employees. From the data provided by the Shanghai branch, the rate of production for the Rugged Wear Work Boot is as follows: Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With a doubled workforce, the timings in the chat above will be halved to come up with 5 minutes instead of 10 and so on. If that is not achieved, the rate of production would remain constant but made to run for a longer duration. The first half would report for the day shift and work at that same rate for the first twelve hours then the second bunch made to report for the night shift, this wa y, the production doubles and possibly the profits (Miller, 1995). As mentioned in the last bit of the paragraph above, production should resonate into profit for the firm in equal measure. This means that all the departments must be coordinated effectively to ensure that as the department of production increases output, its marketing counterpart determines markets for the very products. This way, there wills not a rise a backlog of unsold products which could result in the firm accruing loses. It would thus be prudent to make a claim that before the department of production increases or even doubles the number of employees, the department of marketing should first determine the market for the products that will be produced. The management is also faced with a major coordination challenge and these would all be wrapped up in the type of layouts that the company employs. Management and supervision go hand in hand, for effective management, the firm must be laid out as follows: Office Layout: the office constitutes the home of management and one management factor that must be taken into consideration is time. The office layout must be done in such a way that time is not lost moving from one faction to another. The offices must be made to run into each other so that the Chief Executive Officer does not waste time walking for a long distance to meet his vice president or vice versa. The facilities of the office too need to be incorporated into the office so effectively yet seamlessly enough to have the recourses of the company not depleted or wasted and at the same time the staff should not experience a shortage. A printer or a photocopier for example, could be centrally placed to serve an entire floor. The computers in the office too need to get interconnected to form an effective Local Area Network, and this would reduce time and make the sharing of equipment like printers possible. A fully automated office ensures that no document is lost and the access of the very document is easier because there will be no bulky filing system. Backing up the files of the company in some virtual cyber data backup system such as the one made possible by the cloud computing system enhances document safety and accessibility assuring the employees of a more secure system. The use of password limits unwelcome data access thus improving security (Guest, 1964).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Recommendations following analysis of the Shuzworld firm’s current management predicaments specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some other aspects of the company such as ware housing and retailing must be strategically located so as to ensure closeness to the market and convenience to the employees. Should a warehouse be located so far from the possible labor market, employees are more likely to shy away from the firm and this would impact negatively in the returns accrued by the company. However, s hould that be the case, the company must provide transport to and from the warehouse. This would cut costs for the employees thereby acting as a motivator to the middle employee. Analysis of the initial and ongoing costs needed for the new sandal line being introduced The company is introducing a new brand into the American market. To guarantee a good interdepartmental relation, it is evident that the department of marketing has already determined possible markets for the intended product. It is the market which dictates the pace of production in any given firm and this is evident even in the introduction of these commonly referred to Maui Sandals models. The market anticipates ten thousand batches, an amount that the firm hopes to manufacture for its Chinese warehouses. This would prove to be a very costly venture. Just as stated in the subsequent paragraphs, China is not a third world country and one should not therefore expect to find cheap labor in this market. This, coupled wit h the rates of fluctuating foreign exchange, the local taxing system and eventually the transportation costs would only mean that the firm sells the product at a higher price. High costs need to be a brand position that tags along quality. Luckily for the company, quality is one of its key product features. The sale of the sandals at a higher cost must be mapped out so effectively to avoid a product flop. Tying the price to the quality and class that the sandal promises would ensure that the target market does not shy away from the product despite its price, this means that the marketing department should be giving the figures it is providing alongside the intended market price. This way the company shall know how to balance costs thus avert any possible underperformance of the product. Below is a mathematical breakdown of both the initial and on going costs of manufacturing the new sandals:Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The market anticipates 10, 000 batches of the new shoes and with the first five batches estimated to take1, 000 labor hours. With the company labor cost averaging at $ 1.08 this would mean that the entire labor cost is: 1000*1.08= $ 1,080 but there is an additional hold: the 80% learning curve. A learning curve refers to the graphical representation of the knowledge that is retained in an individual after a lesson. An 80% learning curve implies that the employees are capable of retaining up to 80% of the knowledge they learn. This would only mean that the firm invests 20% more on a continued teaching program to ensure that the employees continue producing the exact type and quality of products as was intended. It would also mean that the initial batches would take longer to produce but the subsequent ones would be produced 80% faster, 20% of 1080 is $ 216. However with an average of 250 batches a month, 10,000 batches would last 40 months costing a total of 216*40= $ 8640. However, should the number of employees be doubled, the hours taken to produce any given batch would be halved and this would be a positive move. Producing these shoes faster would mean that they take the market by storm and the initial sales would boom, as the shoes stays for longer in the market, it creates space and room for imitations and these imitations would normally be introduced at lower prices. This stands to sway the undecided market or would appeal to the lower class that coincidentally forms the majority of any economy. Should that be the case with this products in the states of California and the South West which the firm targets then the company would have a scoop and quit the market when it is still ripe and profitable (Miller, 1995). Should that be the case, then the initial cost needed for the new sandal line would be $ 1296 dollars for labor only within the first five batches. Add this to the cost of raw material for the same batches and that would be $ 500,000. There are other bills that would need footing such as power and water bills, rent and miscellaneous expenses. The money lost to the foreign exchange and the stock markets all added to the cost of transporting the finished product back to the American market would extend the figure to approximately $ 825,000. The cost of continued production would be varied but stay at about the very figure established for the first five batches. This is because there are a number of market factors that influence the current costs of production. The costs of electricity differ and so is the rate of foreign exchange. It would be wise to try and find additional markets in China. This would help reduce the costs of transportation to America thereby increasing the market base. Staffing plan Staffing entails the process of recruiting labor. It is a very vital stage to the process of production. The techniques employed in recruiting the staff would lead to either a success or a failure of the firm. There are million s of people in China but Shuzworld would be interested in a very small fraction to facilitate the process of production. The process of recruiting must be properly guided by laid down procedures to ensure that only the best brains are admitted into the family. Admitting the best brains will help increase the learning curve. Currently, it stands at 80% and it would be only sensible that all those who are yet to come have a similar capacity. To retain the learning curve, the requirements set by the department of human resources like submission of a college diploma or bachelor’s degree in textile engineering would mean that only those who qualify are employed. However, not all employees would have to be highly schooled. There are those who would do jobs like running errands, packaging and loading. Such employees would not require any qualification, save for physical strength. The majority of those who would work in this project are the non skilled laborers and there is no better way of recruiting them other than on short term scheduling. The future of the company in China is not predictable given the current affairs in this region and the management problems it has. Keeping such a group on the short term scheduling makes managing them a lot easier for the managers and reduces risks. Techniques of managing them include the following: Contract: This is the best method of managing skilled labor in a formal way. An employee is hired on contractual terms for a specified duration. After the end of the period, should the company still be interested in their services, then they can be given an opportunity to renew their contract, otherwise, these individuals are laid off. Such individuals are paid the agreed terms and given the company benefits only for the period that their contracts are valid. However, as their duration comes to a close, they lose all the company benefits and are allowed to go home or seek alternative employment. Casual labor category The ca sual labor category is the one best fit for employing the unskilled labor. This is a contract in which the workers are recruited either daily of weekly after which they are paid for their work and let off. These are people who have no attachments with the company whatsoever despite for the man-hours that they spend in the company premises. This would save the company a lot of money because the workers would only be recruited when their services are needed. The firm would not be compelled by civil activists to cover them, save for the few hours that they spend in the company (ibid). These people are not entitled to any other benefit apart from their daily or weekly wages. In a nut shell, keeping the staff on the short term scheduling strategy is a profitable way of acquiring the labor cheaply. The company does not get entangled for longer periods with the employees. Some other cost effective long term benefits like pensions do not come into the picture thereby resulting into more sav ings for the firm. However, very many people are wary of the job insecurities related to contracts, to attract qualified employees, the firm would be advised to make the package for the contracted individuals look as enticing as would be possible. The pay package must be something worthwhile and the contracted employees be given the provision to renew and extend their stay at the firm as they deem fit. Allowing them to have periodic on job trainings would give them an additional asset should they chose to leave the firm and this would attract as many of them in the firm as possible. While on the contract, they should be given full medical covers and other additional benefits. The casual labor on the other hand is normally an open field with a willing buyer and a willing seller without any other constrains. However, the terms should be friendly and human enough to make the laborers work with passion and eagerness. Making the period of the recruitment weekly or even monthly and paying them in accordance to the amount of work they do would boost their morale at work and further spread the good reputation of the firm. This would ensure that the firm does not run short of cheap labor and could even influence the market for the company’s products in the country (Guest, 1964). References Guest, P. (1964). Brand loyalty revisited: a twenty year report. New York: New York Times. Miller, D.(1995). Acknowledging consumption: A review of new studies. London: Routledge. This essay on Recommendations following analysis of the Shuzworld firm’s current management predicaments was written and submitted by user Vivienne Wall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

High Technology Fibers Essay Example

High Technology Fibers Essay Example High Technology Fibers Essay High Technology Fibers Essay HIGH TECHNOLOGY FIBRES FOR TECHNICAL TEXTILES 1 INTRODUCTION Human life is surrounded by hundreds of textile fibres either in the form of clothes, interior textiles or in the form of high performance technical textiles made of conventional or high technology fibres for various applications. A textile fibre is usually defined as a flexible, macroscopically homogenous cylindrical body mainly with circular cross- section having a high ratio of length to diameter (typically 100-3000: 1). Textile fibres are derived both from natural and synthetic origins. Natural fibres such as cotton, wool etc. are often found with lengths 1000-3000 times their diameter. On the other hand coarser natural fibres such as jute, flax, ramie, etc. have lengths 100- 500 times their diameter. However man-made fibres can be made in any desired ratio of length to diameter. The technical textile industry uses both natural and man-made fibres in manufacturing a variety of products. Natural fibres mainly come from agricultural and animal sources; (although asbestos is a natural fibre coming from mineral sources, but this fibre is banned in many countries from being used due to health hazards) whereas the production of man-made fibres is an important activity of the world-wide chemical industry involving largely natural polymers and synthetic polymers (derieved from petrochemical by-products). There are also a limited number of man-made fibres such as glass, metal and ceramics are produced using inorganic materials. Although natural fibres are extensively used in the technical textile iiidwliv, a serious manufacturing of technical textiles only started about thirty years ago with the inception of man-made fibres. Over the last twenty, years, the man-made fibre industry has seen a radical growth in terms of fibre consumption tbr the technical textile industry. In general, the man-made fibre industry achieved a vast expansion between 1940 and 1970, creating a new spectacular look for the clothing and fashion trade, but today it is showing signs of maturity. Multinational fibre producers have, therefore, turned their ttention to a new dimension, which is technical textiles, to fuel the next major wave of creativity, innovation and growth. It will thus open-up the possibility of a major growth of particularly high tenacity and high technology man-made fibres for the technical textile industry. The growth is also expected to be fuelled by the significant global economic upturn in the first half of 20 00. The estimated total ofworld production of the major textile fibres (including both natural and man-made) for 1998 was over 55 million tonnes, ofwhich approximately 20% was used in the production of technical textiles. It is anticipated that by 2001, nearly 25% of the global. flbre production will be used in technical textiles. Of course, the major breakthrough in this growth will come from ‘New Technical Textiles and New Technologies’ replacing the traditional linear concept of material production. 2 CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRES In general, textile fibres are classified into two main groups: natural and man-made. Virtually all kinds of fibres (both natural and man-made) are used in technical textiles. However, for narket structural requirements, fibres used in technical textiles can be divided into two main classes, namely: commodity fibres; and high-technology or speciality fibres. Although by market perception. commqdity fibres are those which are extensively used for traditional textiles, such as apparel and clothing, household textiles, carpets etc. , but contrary to this, today the majority of technical end-uses of textiles are based on commodity fibres. A high degree of engineering ingenuity is, however, often devoted to the design of the item constructed from such fibres. Commodity fibres can be sub-classified into two other groups: conventional fibres such as cotton, wool etc. and high-tenacity fibres, such as polyester, polypropylene etc. In Western Europe, almost 95% of technical textile products are currently made by commodity fibres (- 67% by conventional fibres and - 28% by high-tenacity fibres). Although tl commodity fibres grossly dominate the technical textile markets, but due to the defined scope of this chapter specific features of popular commodity fibres are not included here. High technology or speciality fibres are those which very often are made involving novel materials and sophisticated manufacturing techniques. These fibres are normally characterised for their specific performance enhancing properties. High technology fibres normally add value to the finished products. A number of publication  ° on the subject and related topics have appeared in the last few years. The introduction of high-technology or speciality fibres in technical textiles has allowed us to enter a new era of materials revolution. ‘These fibres are used for special requirements demanded by certain types of technical textiles. Such technical requirements are high temperature protection, high impact and dynamic energy absorption capacity, high cut-through resistance etc. In other words, high-technology or speciality fibres are normally chosen for their particular suitability to an end-use such as protective clothing for ballistic body armour, for high-risk jobs and sports (Figure 1), lightweight textile- reinforced structural components for aircraft, high-performance ropes for marine applications (Figure 2), sfructural panels (reinforced with fibres) for building construcon and so on. Aramids (Keviar, Nomex, Twaron etc. ), glass, carbon, polyethylene, polyphenylene su ph ide, polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) etc. arc some of the popular high- technology fibres frequently used ‘for technical textiles. High-technology fibres are expensive (10 to 500 times more expensive than commodity fibres) and are often known as ‘Premium Fibres’. Currently high-technology fibres have about - 5% of the total market in technical tcxtiles in Western Europe, but the global market of these fibres is growing rapidly. FIBRE PRODUCTION: SPINNING AND DRAWING Other than inorganic fibres, all man-made fibres (both commodity and high tcchnoogy) are spun either from natural polymers or from synthetic polymers. it is necessary either to melt the polymer at an elevated temperature or to dissolve it in a solvent to form a fibre from a polymer. The most extensively used commercial spinning techniques are melt spinning, dry spinning and wet spinning. Ot her techniques which are used mainly to spin certain types of high technology fibres are gel spinning, liquid crystal spinning, emulsion spinning etc. Both dry and wet spinning processes are technically known as ‘Solution Spinning’. The technology of solution spinning is highly specialised for the individual fibre industry and some of the techniques are described in the patents and in the published literature. Many high-technology fibres e spun using solution spinning techniques. Figure 3 shows the schemii diagram of the three principal methods of spinning fibres. Most of the thermoplastic polymers which do not degrade in their molten state are normally extruded by the melt spinning process. The process is considered as safe, simple and cost effective. The molten polymer is extruded through a nozzle, called a spinneret. Extruded fibre is then passed through a chamber to cool and solidify. Thereafter, the spun material is drawn and wound on a bobbin. Nylon 6, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) etc. are the typical examples of melt-spun fibres. Dry spinning is the process whereby the dope (polymer solution) is passed through a spinneret and solvent is flushed off the resultant fibre in the spin heated chamber, also known as the spin column, before winding the fibre on a bobbin. A high technology fibre from the meta-aramid group, known as Noinex [poly (rn-phenyleneisothalamide)J is a popular example of a dry- spun fibre. Wet spinning was the first process to produce a man-made fibre. The process involves a liquid polymer solution which is pumped through the spinneret into a coagulating chamber. The coagulated fibre is then washed to complete the solvent removal process and often drawn and latter wound on a bobbin Acrylic fibres (polyacrylc’nitrile) are primarily spun by this method. However, they also can be spun by the dry spinning technique. Gel spinning and liquid crystal spinning are two other processes, which are becoming commercially more promising for high technology fibres. Some scientists believe that gel spinning perhaps is the only way to produce ultra high strength polyethylene fibre. However, both the processes are still in the development stage. Depending upon the polymer and the spinning system, commodity fibres are commercially spun at a speed of 1000-5000 metres per minute, although research work has been undertaken on melt-spun fibres produced at a speed of 12000 metres per minute. Most of the high-technology fibres are spun at a reasonably lower speed compared to the speed us. ed to spill a commodity fibre. Spun yarn is often subjected to a process known as drawing. A schematic diagram of the drawing process is given in Figure 4. Drawing introduces orientation and in some cases crystallinity too, into the molecular structure of the fibre and converts the undrawn extruded yarn into a commercially useful material. The degree of stretch technically known as the draw ratio is set by adjusting the surface speeds of input and output rollers (v and v. respectively in the Figure 4) and its magnitude depends on the end use of the material. Drawing is normally accomplished at a temperature above the glass transition point of the spun material. 4 USEFUL FIBRE PROPERTIES FOR TECNNICAL TEXTILES The long-term durability, dimensional stability, etc. of technical textiles are functions of many fibre properties. For example, thermal and thermomechanical responses of fibres des cribe the usefulness of the longterm utilisation of a fibre in a technical textile particularly to be used in a hostile environment such as hoPgas or liquid filtration, welders’ suits or even textiles usedn tyres. The knowledge of various fibre properties thus allows the manufacturers of technical textiles to have a logical estimation of the suitability and subsequently the durability of the materials used in a particular environment so as to minimise the risks of unwanted failure due to the interaction of stress-deformation-temperature and degradative chemical reactions. Specific fibre properties are measured for the specific technical applications. However, such properties can be grouped into the following classes: (a) mechanical properties: strength or tenacity, extensibility, modulus or stiffness, elastic recovery etc. b) thermal and thermomechanical responses: melting temperature, high temperature mechanical properties etc. (c) chemical characteristics: resistance to various inorganic and organic chemicals etc. (d) electrical properties: static electricity build-up, dielectric behaviour, insulating nature etc. (e) abrasion and ageing behaviours (f) surface properties: adhesion, moisture t ransport behaviour etc. (g) optical properties (h) other special properties Tailor-made special properties are very often the features of high-technology fibres. For example, fibres can be engineered into hollow structures that are capable of providing the varying degree of porosity and strength needed in medical applications such as synthetic blood vessels, controlled drug release etc. ; itt chemical/water industry applications such as purification, filtration etc. ; in civil engineering and many other applications. There are many such- tailor made special properties which are developed in a wide variety of high technology fibres. Table I highlights some attributes of high-technology fibres for technical textiles. These are successfully exploited on a wide variety of technical textIle products to enhance performance. 5 SPECIFIC FFATU1ES OF SOME FilCH TECHNOLOGY FIBRES 5. 1 Aromatic polyamides (Aramids) A class of aromatic polyamides distinctly different in properties from the conventional aliphatic polyamide was given the name of’Aramid’ by the Federal Trade Commission of the USA in 1974. The first aramid fibre was developed by the Dupont company in USA and was introduced in the market in 1965. This was a meta-orientated aramid called Nomex. There are two types of commercially successful aramids available. Technically both types can be classified as high technology fibres. The first type of fibres have high temperature resistance and belong to the meta aramid group. They have moderate tenacity and low modulus but excellent resistance to heat. Their utility is largely based upon combustion. The fibres in this class show high melting/decomposition points (600-800 °C). rvletaaram ids arc extremely uselli I when outstanding thermal protection (e. g. protective apparel) and electrical insulation propCrtics are required. xamples of meta-aramids, which are commercially available and widely used Car various applications, are Nomex produced by Dupont and Conex from Teijin. Figure 5 shows chemical structures of meta and para-aramicls. Para-aramids are mechanically much stronger and stiffer than meta-aramids. Dupont is the major global producer of para-aramid fibres with a trade name of Keviar. Currently Kevlar is available in a number of grades (e. g. Kevlar 29, Kevlar 49 etc. ) which have a wide spread of properties. The other producers of similar kinds of material is AKZO and the trade name of their p-arainid is called Twaron. Teijin in Japan have developed a copolymer based paraaramid like fibre commercially known as Technora. The common feature of all of the above mentioned commercially available para-aramid fibres (irrespective of their total polymeric constitutions) is the presence of the para-orientated phenylene unit in their molecular structures. Normally aramid . fibres are produced involving a dry-jet wet spinning process as shown in Figure 6. Aramid fibres have tensile strengths at 300 °C that are characteristic ofhigh enacity commodity fibres at room temperature. Para-aramid fibres have even very useful tenacities well above 300 °C. In contrast nylon 6. 6 and polyester (PET) loose almost all of their strength at about 220 °C. Also ararnid fibres retain useful tensile properties after heat-ageing at 3 00 °C for 1-2 weeks. Heat-ageing lifetime of para-aramids are superior than metaaramids. Aramid fibres chatacteristically burn only with difficulty and they do not melt like nylon 6. 6 or polyester fibres. They are useful in a number of applications requiring high flame resistance. Upon burning, the aramid fibre produce a thick char which acts as a thermal barrier and pFevents serious burns to the skin. Aramid fibres have high volume resistivities and dielectric strengths. They also retain these properties at elevated temperature. Accordingly, the fibres have considerable potential as high temperature dielectrics particularly for use on motors and transformers. Table. II illustrates some useful properties of para and meta-aramid fibres. Para-aramid fibres are not only very strong and stiff, they also have high dynamic energy absorption capacity. High strength, stiffness, excellent dynamic energy absorption behaviour with high fracture toughness of paraaramid create an ideal combination of this material’s suitability in ballistic performance. Figure 7 shows the design of a multilayer bullet-proof vest made of Keviar fabric. Scientists and Technologists have found numerous applications ofaramid fibres since their inception and more new and novel applications are being reported regularly. Table III shows some technical applications of meta and para-aramid fibres. 5. 2 Aromatic polyamide-imide Very few polymers suitable for fibre extrusion belong to the chemical family of polyamide-imide. The successful fibre in this category is called Kermel and is introduced in the market through a joint venture between RhonePoulenc Fibres and Amoco Fabrics. Kermel fibre has excellent inherent fire retardant and dimensional stability, good abrasion resistance and resistance to fraying. It is light and soft. 11 â€Å"s average moisture absorption capability and good antistatic qualities. Soiie useful properties of Kermel fibre are as follows: Amongst suitable applications, the fibre is used in a wide variety of personal protective equipments including the underwear component of racing drivers’ suits, fire fighter’s vests etc. 5. 3 Carbon The existence of carbon fibre became known to mankind in 1879 when Thomas Edison took a patent for the manufacture ofcarbon filaments suitable for use in electric lamps. However, the actual history of carbon fibre in manufacturing high performance preforms for advanced composites to meet the needs of the aerospace industry began in late 1950s. In the early 60s, a successful commercial production process for carbon fibre was developed by William Watt and his team at the Royal Aircraft Establishment at Farnborough in the UK. Since then, the carbon fibre market and that of composite products made from it have both been consistently expanding due to the attractive technical properties and excellent performance of the fibre. Carbon fibre is described as a fibre containing at least 90% ofcarbon obtained by controlled pyrolysis of appropriate fibres. A large variety of such appropriate fibres which are known as precursors, is used to produce carbon fibres ofdifferent morphologies and different specific characteristics. The most prevalent precursors are polyacrylonitrile (PAN), cellulosic fibres (viscose, cotton etc. , pitch and certain phenolic fibres. Different routes are followed to develop carbon fibres either by manufacturimg from fibrous precursors or by the extrusion of pitch. Acrylic precursor produces strongest carbon fibre. In general, following are three successive stages in the conversion of fibrous precursors into high technology carbon fibres; I. Oxidative stabilisation between 100-400 °C depen ding on the precursors II. Carbon isation between 700-1500 °C III. Graphitisation between 1500-3000 °C according to the type of final fibre required Carbon fibre is exceptionally strong and stiff. A balanced match between high strength and high specific stiffness makes carbon fibre undoubtedly an ideal material for aircraft structural composites. The primary reasons for the popularity ofcarbon fibres and their dominance in the aerospace industry are considered to be as follows: a) Relative to weight, carbon fibres are about 7 times as strong as most metals with respeci to specific strength and about 5 tiiucs as strong as most metals with respect to tensile strength. b) They have low expansion and contraction over a very wide range of temperatures. ) They have a higher resistance to fatigue than steel and aluminium. d) ihey provide a better airworthiness and crashworthinessstructure and offer a significant gain in fuel economy. e) Carbon fibre composites used in aircraft construction reduce overhaul and maintenance costs as metal structures are said to be more prone to cracks and corrosion in service. The maui applications of carbon fibres are in the composites used in the foll owing areas: aircrafi and space shuttle (Figure 10) automotive (Figure I I) sports and recreational equipment (Figure 12) marine high performance structures (Figure 13) and general engineering medical implants (Figure 14) Many of the carbon reinforced composite structures are made from three dimensional wove or knitted preforms. Some ofthe useful properties of carbon fibres produced from polyacrylonitrile and pitch precursors are as follows: 5. 4 Glass Glass as a material is perhaps as old as civilisation itself, but the use of glass as a high technology fibre is relatively a modern idea. Glass used as a high technology fibre is made from similar ingredients to any other glass material. Silica is the basis for all commercial glass. They are obtained by fusing a mixture ofyarious metal oxides at temperatures ranging from 1300 to 1600 °C. There are different types of glass fibres commercially available all of which have different compositions and very often specific technical significance. Following is an outline of some of the popular varieties of glass: 1. ‘A’ glass has an alkali-containing composition, sometimes used for fibre manufacture, 11. ‘AR’ glass is alkali-resistance glass used in the form of fibres for reinforcing cement, 111. ‘C’ glass has a composition that provides resistance to most ofthe chemicals, IV. E’ glass has an almost universally acceptable formulation and ha become a standard for most ofthe uses in fibre and related 1)1OdtICtS. The letter ‘E’ stands for electrical, as the composition has the high electrical resistance, V. ‘HS’ glass is a magnesium-aluminia-silica glass contains small amounts ofa number of other oxid es. HS stands for high strength. VI. ‘S’ glass has a composition similar to ‘HS’ glass which, in fibre form, possesses high strength; the growth ofthis material in advanced composites is increasing rapidly. High technology glass fibres are normally made in the form of continuous strands. Over 90% of all continuous glass fibres produced arc of E’ glass composition. Figures 15 and 16 shows schematic diagram of ‘two-stage’ and ‘one-stage’, production processes respectively for continuous glass fibres. Glass fibres are strong, stiff, non-flammable and heat resistant. They are also highly resistant to chemicals, moisture and attack by micro-organisms. The strength of glass fibre can be easily lost by surface damage. In most cases the high performance characteristics are maintained by embedding or coating the fibre in a protective resin. Glass fibre also suffers from static fatigue i. e. he measured strength decreases with increasing time to failure. Some important properties of glass fibres are given below in Table VI: Glass fibre is extensively used in reinforced plastics (commonly known as GRP) for aircraft and aerospace; appliances and equipment; construction; consumer goods; corrosion resistant products; land transportatian; and sports and leisure items. Glass fibre is an excellent substitute for asbestos as they are non-combustible, rot resistant, highly stable and do not represent a health hazard. Glass fibre is used in both radial and bias-ply automotive tyre reinfdrcement. When it is used as a breaker or belt in bias or bias-belted construction in tyre, it provides a softer ride, greater resistance to damage, better stability and lower reinforcement cost. It performs extremely well in long distance driving. Glass is also an attractive additive to cement as it is cheap and easy to blend. Glass fibre is capable of improving the flexural strength of the composite structure. Glass reinforced cement is used in highway overlay (to provide crack-resistant surface), in architectural building panels, in roofing tiles, in drain pipes (as a replacement for steel-mesh reinforcement). It is also used as a reinforcing material for high speed roadways (Figure 17). A major breakthrough in glass fibre application came, when the material established its potential for use as optical frequency communication wave guides conveniently known as ‘optical fibre’. Optical fibres are made from extremely pure silica produced under controlled process conditions. ’They are extremely delicate and need to be handled very carefilly (Figure 18). Normally fibre optic cables are reinforced (for protection purposes) with Kevlar yarn. Glass fibres suitable for optical transmission matcrial should not have a transmission loss of more than 20 dBlkm. Optical fibres used in satellite and telecommunication syStCms arc claimed to have transmission loss less then 5 dB/krn. 5. 5 Polyethylene High technology polyethylene fibres, with exceptionally high strength and stiffhess together with unique strength-to-weight ratios are now commercially available from several companies world-wide. The process that dominates current commercial method of producing ultra-high strength and modulus uivcthvleiic fibres follows the solution spinning route. The spinning method for high technology polyethlene uses very high molecular weight polymer and the process is technically called ‘gel spinning’. The reason of calling the process gel spinning is the gel-like appearance of the filaments after spinning and cooling. The process comprises of three main stages; I. the continuous extrusion of the solution of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, II. spinning of the solution followed by gelation/crystallisation which can be done either by cooling and extraction or by evaporation of the solvent, and III. ultradrawing and removal of emaining solvent. A line diagram of the gel spinning process is given in Figure 19. Polyethylene fibre is also produced using melt spinning process. The usage of high strength and high modulus polyethylene fibre is growing rapidly, particularly in certain areas of technical textiles and also in composites. The main attributes of high technology polyethylene fibres are as follows: high strength a nd specific modulus together with high energy to break, low specific gravity, very good abrasion resistance, excellent chemical and electrical resistance, good UV resistance, and low moisture absorption, Some useful properties of both gel-spun and melt-spun high performance polyethylene fibres arc given in Table VII: An impressive combination of fibre properties contribute to the market thrust in terms of the enormous potential application areas of high performance polyethylene fibre. Some of the growing application areas include sail cloth; marine ropes and cables; protective clothing; composites e. g. sports equipment, pressure vessels, boat hulls, impact shields etc. ; concrete reinforcement; fish netting; and medical implants etc. 5. 6 PVA Polyvinyl alcohol fibre has been used in technical textiles since late 80s for its high tenacity, good dimensional stability and high resilience. However, the traditionally spun fibre never received wide acceptance in a wide range of product applications because of its strength retention in presence of water particularly at a high temperature. However, the Japanese manufacturer Kurary and Unitika have come up with high strength and high modulus gel- spun PVA fibres. Apart from its high strength and good dime. isional stability, the fibre offers good thermomechanical responses at temperatures as high as 170 °C. It also provides excellent resistance to flex fatigue and creep. Gel-spun PVA also offers high stability in the presence of water even at high temperature. The gel-spun version of PVA is quite new to the market and is being commercially tried in various products. The most promising area of gel-spun PVA appears to be in tyres for belt reinforcement and in mechnical rubber goods. Some useful properties of gel-spun PVA fibre are given in Table V III: 5. 7 Spandex fibres This is a class of synthetic elastomeric fibres (elastomeric fibres are those vhich have mechanical properties characteristic of rubber). Spandex fibres are manufactured from long-chain polymers composed of at least 85% of a :. cgmented polyurethane. The segments are based on low molecular weight polyethers or polyesters. The generic name Spandcx was given by the Federal Trade Commission of USA. Lycra was the first spandex fibre introduced in the market by Dupont Company in 1960. Today several kinds of Spandex fibres with different trade names are available in the market. The method of manufacturing spandex fibre depends on the chemical structure of the long chain molecule. Commercially melt, dry and wet spinning techniques are used. Lycra for example is known to be made by dry spinning systems. In wet spinning the reaction to complete the formation of the elastomeric fibre takes place in the coagulation bath (Figure 3). That is why this system of manufacturing spandex fiber is also known as the reaction spinning. Strength (tenacity), breaking extension, power (it is defined as the stress in the material after being held for sometime, normally 5 minutes, at an extension of 300% relative to the un stretched dimensions) and elastic recovery are the novel properties of typical spandex fibres. Some useful properties of spandex fibres are as follows: Spandex fibres have low tenacities, high extensibilities, low power requirements for large deformations and relatively low specific gravity. Spandex yams have about the same breaking extension as the natural rubber yarns but they are twice as strong. Also elastic recovery (it is defined as the recovered extension as a percentage of the imposed extension) of spandex fibres is excellent although actual recovery depends on the amount of stretch, the time for which the specimens are held in the stretched state and the time allowed for recovery. Typical elastic recovery behaviour of spandex fibres after holding specimen in extended condition for 60 seconds at ambient conditions is given below: Spandex fibres are extensively used in sports and leisure garirients, foundation garments, support hose etc. 5. 8 Fluorine-containing fibre The only important fibre in this category is made ofpolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) introduced in the market by the Dupont Company under the trade name ‘Teflon’. PTFE was disco’ered by Dupont Scientist Dr Roy Plunkett shortly befare World War II. This polymer is insoluble virtually in all known solvents and, therefore, cannot be solution spun. Also the polymer has high melting point which possess serious problems to produce melt-spun fibre. The fibre is produced using a novl technique called emulsion spinning. PTFE fibres have high chemical stability, low frictional characteristics, extremely high . thermal and electrical insulating power, and veiy high melting point. PTPE provides excellent resistance to heat over an extremely useful thermal wifldow co’ering 190 °C to 260 °C. It also provides high resistance to fungus and biological agents. PTFE is also well known for its non-sticking behaviour. Apparently it is the most inert material known to man. PTFE fibres are used in highly specialised applications such as high temperature and high voltage (including a wide range of frequencies) electrical insulation, filtration medium for corrosive chemicals, packing materials for expensive items to avoid frictional damage etc. Apart from Dupont, Hoechst and ICI also produce PTFE and market them under the trade names Hostaflon (Hoechst) and Fluon (ICI). 5. PBZT and PBO These two fibres have emerged from a class of heterocylic polymers with some outstanding qualities. Chemically two fibres are poly(p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) [PBZT] and poly (p-phenylene benzobisoxazole) [PBO]. Both the fibres have excellent strength, stiffness, thermal, chemical and environmental stability. However, the compressive strength of these fibres is low. Some useful properties of PBZT a nd PBO fibres are as follows: Extremely high thermal and mechanical performance of these two fibres are particularly interesting for high performance structural applications. Currently the fibres are known to be produced by Dow Chemical Company of the USA. 5. 10 PBI Polybenzimidazole (PBI) was first commercialised by the Hoechst Celanese company in 1983. PBI was initially developed to be used by NASA for nonflammable space research articles. PBI has since been adopted for other applications and is used either alone or in blends with other fibres. PBI is a high regain and low modulus fibre which is very similar to cotton. It has excellent thermal stability, good insulative qualities and excellent static charge dissipation behavior. PBI fibre does not burn in air (it has limiting oxygen index above 41) nor does it melt or drip. It has good pilling, abrasion and flex resistance and good resistance to chemicals. Some useful properties of the PBI fibre are given in Table XII: Current applications of PBI fibres include racing drivers’ suits, thermal protective clothing for high intensity heat (Figure 20), hot gas filtration. It is also used to make protective equipment for utility workers exposed to electrical arc flashes, inflammable chemicals and oils etc. It is expected to make in roads into the industrial, civil aviation and fire fighting markets. 5. 11 Copolymer polyester fibre The random copolyeseters of hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxynapthoic acid have been produced commercially by Hoechst Celanese and the fibre is marketed under the trade name Vectra. The fibre is also produced under a very similar trade name Vectran by the Kurary Company of Japan. The fibre is melt spun and has a distinct fibrillar structure. Some typical properties of Vectra/Vectan fibres are given below: Vectra and Vectran resist water and assure low-creep characteristics. They provide high wear and bending fatigue resistance. These fibres can be used as ideal tension nwmhcrs to optical fibre cables, as the core for heating wires in electric carpets, in lane buoys in swimming pools (Figure 21) in high performance ropes, sporting equipment, fishing nets, protective clothing for high risk jobs etc. 5. 12 Melamine-based fibres Although melamine is considered unreactive, its symmetry and functionality make it suitable for use as a synthesis building block in condensation reactions with formaldehyde. Initially in the condensation reaction, methylol compounds are formed which then react with one another to form a three dimensional structure of methylene ether and methylene bridges. The resulting network gives a material that can be extruded into fibres. This melamine-based fibre is available in various forms but the most successful fibre in this category is marketed by BASF and is commercially called Basofil. Most melamine-based fibres have high heat stability, high solvent resistance, low flammability and good abrasion resistance. The important characteristics of Basofil fibre are its high Limiting Oxygen Index (LOl), low thermal conductivity, good chemical, hydrolysi and ultraviolet resistance with very little hot air shrinkage. Some useful properties of Basofil fibres are as follows: 5. 13 Miscellaneous fibres The above fibres mentioned under different categories are by no means form an exclusive list of fibres used for technical textiles. New developments such as gel-spun polyacrylonitrile, ceramics, alumina/carbon composite and metal fibres are being successfully used in many technical textile applications. Very specialized materials such as certain types of polyetherimide fibres (already used for hot gas filtration, structural reinforcement etc. ), polyoxadiazole fibres (already used in protective clothing etc. ), polyphenylene suiphide, poly (p-xytylene) polyetherketone (PEK), polyetheretherketone (PEEK) fibers etc. are being successfully implemented in new product developments. More information on some of the above flhres is avaiiabe in author’s article on high-performance fibre. The last thirty years have seen the emergence of a number of commercially- successful high-technology fibres. In spite of the high production costs, the high-technology fibre industry has seen phenomenal growth over the last few years. Both the manufacturing and the consumption of many high- technology fibres are still virtually confined to Western Europe, America and Japan. With regard to volume consumption, aramids and glass fibres icad the high-technology or speciality fibres table. In spite of the high price of aramid fibres, a phenomenal growth of this fibre in protective clothing (bullet. roof vests, clothing for high-risk jobs and sports) and other technical applications, has shown the significance and need for new materials for many technical textiles. 6 FINAL REMARKS In production and usage ofhigh technology fibres, each material has its own outstanding qualities and defects. Although the ‘fast-pace’, ‘high-quality’ and ‘high-tech’ lifestyle of today’s customers encourage demands for new and improved fibres for high-quality technical tex tiles but economical new high technology fibres with excellent mechanical and other tailor-made special properties are unlikely to appear in the market in the near future. Therefore, market of technical textiles is to be driven by available high technology fibres with fine-tuning of properties and appropriate application of finishes for enhanced performance. REFERENCES 1. S. K. Mukhopadhyay, ‘High-Performance Fibres’, Textile Progress, Vol. 25, No. 3/4,1993. 2. J. E. Mcintyre and P. Daniels (Editors), Textile Terms and Definitions, I 0† edition, 1995, The Textile Institute, Manchester, 13K. 3. S. K. Mukhopadhyay, Textile Horizons, June 1992. 4. S. K. Mukhopadhyay, Modus, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1996 5. i. F. Mcintyre. Conference Proceedings innovative Technoluges in industrial textiles, textile institute, February 1990 nd (‘omposiws. L lIST, Manchester, 1985. 7. M. Grayson, (Editor), Encyclopedia of Textiles, Fibres andNonwoven Fabrics, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1984. 8. Meredith, R. , Elastomeric Fibres, Merrow Publishing Company, 1971. 9. F. W. Billmeyer, Jr. , Text bookof Polymer Science, John Wiley and Sons,New York, 1971. 10. J. F. Ford, Textiles, Vol. 17,No. 1,1988.

Report on an engineering hero Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report on an engineering hero - Assignment Example An instance of his psychic power was that he experienced almost three shocks of revelations and later he went to find his wife where he found that the nurse of his wife experienced intoxication and his wife was found in a scared state (Pebblesspiritualcave.com, 2014). While he was associated with the field of spiritualism he made several contributions which are upheld and studied during present times. During the period of 1869 he proved that hearing spiritual voices was not a result of an individual’s imagination and they actually occur. To prove this he stated that he experienced three raps and later he received a letter from D.D. Home which stated that the sender of the letter was informed by the spirits that Varley had experienced three raps and thus he concluded that spirits do exist (Andriopoulos, 2005). Later on he went to prove the phenomenon of life after death. To prove his phenomenon he conducted a study in New York which was based on voices that were created by people who were already dead. He hypothesized that these voices were not created due to electricity or even magnetism and he concluded that after death, an individual’s spirits still exist but in a different world and they communicate with the humans on earth. Even though Varley continued to promote his findings in the field of spiritualism but he faced severe criticism. He was not only connected with the field of spiritualism, he even made ample amount of advancement in the field of communication. He started off by joining a new startup company named Electric Telegraphy during the period of 1846 and within a span of only 6 years he managed to occupy the position of chief engineer and by the end of 1861 he was running the entire company. During his stay with the telegraph company he identified several ways to find out issues with devices in order to enhance the performance of

What do you think is the most significant change in correctional Essay - 2

What do you think is the most significant change in correctional policy in the last 100 year and why important - Essay Example Violators of social norms, rights and freedom are referred to as offenders. The correctional policy is designed to address the resultant conflict that emerges when the justice system is jeopardized by individuals or groups of people. One of the significant changes that have been realized in the correctional policy is the embracement of the fact that offenders have rights. In the early stages of the implementation of the policy, the rights and freedoms of individuals subjected to the policy were often curtailed and therefore not observed. However, over the years, the fact that the offenders have rights too have been upheld, leading to from time to time reforms that account for the welfare of both the offenders and the community prior to the interests of the policy. Secondly, the policy has evaluated and assessed punishment mechanisms in a bid to realize the required corrections. In this regard, diversity and dynamism in modes and mechanisms of punishments have been adopted over the years. While strict and specific procedures of corrections were employed in the earlier years of the practice of the policy, reforms, rehabilitation, reintegration and restraint are common in the policy today (Roberts & Springer 32). On the same note, the policy’s diversity has made it possible for its practice to encompass alternative programs that ease pressure in correctional facilities. Sentencing guidelines prior to the desired goals and objectives of the correctional policy have significantly changed over the last 100 years. Uniformity and proportionality are the two primary aspects that have characterized this change (Cole & Smith 495). Offenses of the same or similar magnitude are critically matched to carry the same sentences, as provided for by the policy. With regard to proportionality, the policy differentiates between offences and

Research company tries to show that you can only understand consumer Essay

Research company tries to show that you can only understand consumer behaviour by living with their behaviour - Essay Example For this reason, a high range of research methods has been developed for helping marketers in developing the above task. In practice, it has been proved that certain of these methods are not fully effective, allowing the appearance of inaccuracies in their findings. The potential use of ethnography as a research method is explored in this paper. The ‘Project Keyhole’, a research program based on ethnography is used as an example. The project was developed by the advertising firm BMP DDB. The advantages and the limitations of ethnography are also critically examined in order to understand the reasons that led BMP DDB to choose the specific research approach. It is proved that ethnography is a quite effective research method, under the terms that the rules related to its application are respected. 2. Ethnography as a research approach for studying consumer behaviour 2.1 Importance and limitations of ethnography as a research approach Ethnography is a quite popular qualitat ive research method (Rubin and Babbie 2009, p.218). The key characteristic of ethnography is ‘observation in natural settings’ (Rubin and Babbie 2009, p.218). More specifically, in the context of ethnography researchers can observe the behaviour of a social group in regard to a particular social activity (Rubin and Babbie 2009, p.218). ... The research tools used in the context of ethnography are interviews and observation (Rubin and Babbie 2009, p.218). Haviland et al. (2010) also note that ethnography is preferred from other qualitative research approaches since it can offer valuable information on a particular culture, as the similar assumptions have been developed through fieldwork (Haviland et al. 2010, p.12). As a research method, ethnography has certain requirements. The common culture of the social group under observation is the primary condition for the development of a successful research project using ethnography (Rubin and Babbie 2009, p.218). Then, it is preferred that the social group participated in the research project is isolated (Haviland et al. 2010, p.12). Isolation, as a term related to ethnography, reflects not just the lack of participation in certain social activities but also the gathering in a particular area, where the social group involved can develop its own style of life (Haviland et al. 2 010, p.12). Reference can be made, as examples, to the ‘Islands of the Pacific Ocean or the deserts of Australia’ (Haviland et al. 2010, p.12). The above fact cannot lead to the assumption that ethnography cannot be used in the industrialized countries. In fact, ethnography can be used in every place where a social group, of any size but of a common culture, is established (Haviland et al. 2010, p.12). A household can be a social group that could be studied using ethnography (Haviland et al. 2010, p.12). From a similar point of view, Schensul and LeCompte (1999) note that the key requirement for the development of a successful research project based on ethnography is the ability of the researcher involved to identify ‘the cultural

Example Medicolegal Report

Example Medicolegal Report MEDICOLEGAL REPORT Prepared for the Court Claimant:Mrs A Address:Unspecified Date of Birth:1958 Occupation:Housewife Date of Accident:15 February 2005 Examining Doctor:Dr D Consultant Obstetrician and Gynaecologist Statement of Instruction This report is prepared on behalf of the defendant, Dr D in connection with the complications following treatment of Endometriosis on Mrs A started from 23 April 2003. Case Summary Mrs A has suffered complications from foecal peritonitis and pulmonary embolism following the procedures of total abdominal hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy for the treatment of endometriosis. Case Details Mrs A was referred by her GP and attended the clinic on 23rd April 2003. Mrs A was complaining of constant, severe abdominal pain, per vaginal bleeding with irregular cycles for 2 months with a background history of tubal ligation in 1999. Dr D was unsure of the diagnosis as to whether it was due to endometriosis, polycystic ovarian disease, or tubal infection associated with the previous tubal ligation. Therefore Mrs A was admitted, prescribed with painkiller (Pethidine), and booked for laparoscopy the next day. The result of laparoscopy confirmed active endometriosis with 2 small fibroids and medical treatment of GnRH analogue (Zoladex) was discussed with Mrs A and agreed. Mrs A treatment was then to be reviewed in November 2003. On 5th November 2003, Mrs A attended the clinic and her medication was changed from GnRH analogue to Medroxyprogesterone acetate (Provera). On review in 4th February 2004, Mrs A was not happy with Provera and the prescription was reverted back to Zoladex. On review in 14th July 2004, side effects due to prolonged use of Zoladex were explained and she agreed to start on combined oral contraceptive pills (COCP). On 24th Novemeber 2014, Mrs A came in complaining of severe pain not resolved with COCP and painkiller. Surgical treatment was discussed and she was booked for operation for the removal of uterus, cervix, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries called â€Å"Total Abdominal Hysterectomy and Bilateral Salpingo-Oophorectomy (TAH/BSO)† in February 2005 and for the meanwhile she was also prescribed with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Mefenamic acid (Ponstan) and an opioid analgesics tramadol (Zydol) to relieve the pain. On 15th February 2005, Mrs A was admitted to the hospital for TAH/BSO. On 16th February 2005, Mrs A complained of pleuritic chest pain, shortness of breath, fever, and sweating. On examination she was tachycardic, and on auscultation, there were coarse crackles on the right base of the lung and fine crackles on the left base. She was commenced on antibiiotics without delay – ciprofloxacin and gentamycin together with an anticoagulant low molecular weight heparin – Innohep post-surgery. On 17th February 2005, CT pulmonary angiogram confirmed pulmonary embolism on the right side with possibility on the left side. She was commenced on warfarin and Innohep was continued until INR stabilized. On 18th February 2005, Mrs A complained of non-pleuritic chest pain, numbness going down on the left arm and up into the neck, and tenderness over the left axilla. Cultures showed positive Gram negative coccobacili. Antibiotics treatment was continued and respiratory consult was obtained. On 21st February 2005, cultures showed anaerobic organism that usually comes from the gut – Prevotella loescheii. The antibiotic course was changed to include metronidazole. On 23rd February 2005, radiology report confirmed the diagnosis of foecal peritonitis. Stomatherapy was discussed and anaesthetic consult was obtained. This was day 9 post-TAH/BSO and Hartmann procedure was done to treat the peritonitis. On 24th February 2005, antibiotic treatment of cephalosporin (Cephradine), metronidazole, and gentamycin were continued. The Results of Investigation Mrs A was diagnosed endometriosis through laparoscopy and 2 small fibroids were also found. It was confirmed from the histopathology report. Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed through radiological findings on CTPA and increased in D-dimer while sepsis was identified from the blood culture. Peritonitis was suspected from the finding of anaerobes on culture and clinical signs and symptoms together with CT scan of the abdomen formed the diagnosis of foecal peritonitis. The Nature of Treatments Received by the Claimant Endometriosis When Mrs A first diagnosed with endometriosis, she was treated by medical treatments – GnRH analogue for 6 months, then changed to Medroxyprogesterone for the next 4 months, back to GnRH analogue for another 6 months afterwards, and changed to Combined OCP. Mrs A condition was getting worse and surgical option of TAH/BSO was decided. Pulmonary Embolism (PE) and Sepsis Mrs A was prescribed with antibiotics and anticoagulant when lower respiratory tract infection or PE was suspected. When PE was confirmed, she was already on anticoagulant (Innohep). Warfarin was prescribed after the diagnosis made and antibiotics were continued due to suspected pneumonia or sepsis. The next day, blood culture result was out and confirmed positive. Peritonitis Mrs A was suspected of having sepsis and once culture showed the presence of anaerobes from the gut (Prevatella loescheii), metronidazole was prescribed to cover the anaerobic bacteria. When bowel perforation and foecal peritonitis were confirmed, surgery was carried out to clean up the abdominal cavity. Antibiotics, painkiller, and anticoagulant were continued post-surgery. Opinion on the Patient Management It was a regretful incident that Mrs A suffered complication from peritonitis secondary to bowel perforation, either secondary to adverse event where the operating surgeon unintentionally cut the bowel or due to advanced endometriosis. My review of the managements of this patient from her initial presentation of endometriosis are they are evidence-based, performed in a timely manner, and displayed the knowledge and action of an experienced clinician, and that the complications aroused were less likely due to poor management of the patient. In 1999, Mrs A underwent a laparoscopic tubal ligation and during the operation, there was suspected retrograde menstruation found which may possibly suggest endometriosis. It was in 2003 that the patient was actually diagnosed with endometriosis. However, this could be common where there was delay between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis of the disease. There is no difference in the delay in diagnosis between mild to moderate and severe endometriosis. In a comparison study conducted in UK and US, the average delay before the diagnosis of endometriosis was 7.5 years and this will likely decreases the women’s capability to cope with the symptoms in which they would present to the formal healthcare [Ruth Hadfield, 1996]. The clinical evaluation of Mrs A was done in a sufficient and timely manner as the diagnosis of endometriosis was suspected in the first presentation since this will usually require high index suspicion due to the wide variety of symptoms and unpredictable course of disease (Lobo, 2007). Video-assisted laparoscopy was also carried out in the second day of admission showing that the clinician involved has a very high suspicion index of endometriosis from the beginning, as laparoscopy is the gold standard to reach a definitive diagnosis of endometriosis. [Bagan et al, 2003] The approach of the management of endometriosis was done properly and the choice of medical treatment as opposed to surgical treatment is wise. Unlike surgery for cancer, Adamson GD (1997) and Sutton et al (1997) said that in the case of endometriosis, surgery is relatively more effective for severe endometriosis rather than in mild cases such as in those with chronic pelvic pain and infertility and because of that, medical treatment is much preferable in the first presentation of endometriosis apart from it being non-invasive. A Canadian study of more than 53 000 admissions showed that 25% patients who had surgical treatment would need another surgery within 4 years and 10% would require hysterectomy and therefore, continual medical management is much preferred over serial surgeries [Weir et al, 2005]. Alifano (2003) mentioned that the prescription of GnRH analogue is recommended as it may have both diagnostic and therapeutic values. The prescription of not more than 6 months in this case was also supported by clinical literatures and Royal College of Obstetrician and Gynaecology (RCOG) guideline as the treatment may result in loss of 6% bone mineral density in the first 6 months [RCOG, 2006]. Extended treatment may result in further loss of bone minerals. Falcone (2011) recommended the commencement of combined oral contraceptive pills (COCP) following the cessation of GnRH analogue and therefore, the choice of COCP after GnRH analogue in this case was also supported by clinical evidence. Shakiba et al (2008) also described the usage of COCP as cost-effective, well tolerated, and clinically effective as danazol and GnRH analogue. The medical treatment is initially acceptable for this patient as earlier laparoscopy in June 2003 showed adhesions between the omentum and uterus with multiple spots of endometriosis and thick, stale, reddish green blood while the later microscopy findings in February 2005 showed well bordered white lesion and occasional white coloured spots that may be suggestive of healed or inactive lesions which should reduce the likelihood of invasive treatment. Brosens (1994) believed that the early and very active lesion would be in red, active and advanced lesion in black, and inactive or healed lesion in white, even though this might be varied from case to case. It is worth to note that there is currently no cure for endometriosis as current treatments aim at symptoms relief such as pain and infertility and organ damage prevention in severe cases. There is no randomized clinical trial comparing medical with surgical treatments; therefore the change of medical to surgical treatment has its own advantages and disadvantages [Sally et al, 2013]. From the record, there was a gap between the patient presentation of severe pain not improving with painkiller and COCP to the last clinic before surgery in November 2004 and the booked surgery in February 2005. This may be justified by non-invasive over invasive management; for example managing the pain by prescribing stronger painkiller such as in this case, tramadol. Since there is no relationship between the severity of pain with the severity of endometriosis, short delay in deciding on hysterectomy or watchful waiting may be an advantage for the patient and the clinician as well to see if there woul d be any improvement. Apart from that, there was no guarantee that surgery may treat the endometriosis. The decision of TAH/BSO was also recommended in this case as the preservation of one or both ovaries in some women may have left the problems with endometriosis behind. Whether the hysterectomy being subtotal or total, it would definitely improve the quality of life of this patient and thus should be considerable decision by the clinician. [Thakar et al, 2004] Even though all precautions and preventive measures have been made, while incidence of internal organ injury is rare, however it does happen especially when the risk is higher in the patient with history of pelvic infection, endometriosis, and adhesive diseases [John, 1997]. However, considerations that need to be taken into account is whether the complications aroused were due to an adverse event such as bowel perforation from the surgery, expected complication arising from the condition such as secondary to adhesions from endometriosis, or the combination of both. The risk of bowel perforation in this open abdominal surgery is much lowered compared to scope-assisted hysterectomy. Bowel injuries happen in about 0.2-1% of cases and primarily due to adhesions involving bowel or cutting within the pouch of Douglas – the space between rectum and uterus. Therefore, it was difficult to expect that this case was to be an addition to the 0.2-1% risk in the study. (Gary et al, 2004) Infection is a common complication following abdominal hysterectomy carrying the risk of 6-25%. Above all, about 33% of patients develop infection after the operation regardless of careful precautions taken [Rice et al, 2006]. Other than infection, severe complications that may occur involve lung collapse, heart attack, stroke, kidney failure, and clotting in the blood vessel (ie pulmonary embolism- clot blockage in the lung) with 4% risk. Greer (1997) mentioned that the risk of developing pulmonary embolism in patient following major general or gynaecologic surgery without clot prevention treatment (thromboprophylaxis) is very low at 0.2-0.9% while in another study, the risk of pulmonary embolism for patient receiving clot prevention treatment of anticoagulants is 0.2%. Therefore, this is a rare severe complication of abdominal hysterectomy that less expected to happen. Despite psychological effects following hysterectomy and prolonged hospitalisation, patient has benefit from the improvement in the quality of life in longer term. And even though multiple complications resulted from the procedure, most women are quite satisfied with the results of the surgery and with the significant symptom relief they experience [Kjerulff et al, 2000]. Conclusion Complications after surgery despite their rareness does happen and this was unexpected incident befall upon Mrs A. However, I believed Dr D, within his capabilities, has managed Mrs A with acceptable, sufficient, and evidence-based methods from the initial treatment until the last resort of hysterectomy to prevent any complications from happening. Duty of an Expert I understand my duty is to the Court; to help the Court on matters within my expertise, and I have complied with that. I understand that this duty over-rides any obligations to those by whom I have been instructed. I believe that the facts I have stated in the report are true and within my own knowledge and that the opinions I have expressed represent my professional opinion. BIBLIOGRAPHY Brosens I. Is mild endometriosis a progressive disease? Human Reproduction 1994; 9: 2209–2211. Adamson GD. Treatment of endometriosis-associated infertility. Seminars in Reproductive Endocrinology 1997; 15: 263–271. Sutton CJG, Pooley AS Ewen SP. Follow-up report on a randomized, controlled trial of laser laparoscopy in the treatment of pelvic pain associated with minimal, mild and moderate endometriosis. Fertility and Sterility 1997; 68: 170–174. AstraZeneca. Zoladex 3.6mg Implant. Summary of Product characteristics. 2012. Brown J, Pan A, Hart RJ. Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone analogues for pain associated with endometriosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 12. Art. No.: CD008475. Falcone T. Lebovic DI. Clinical management of endometriosis. Obstetrics Gynecology. 118(3):691-705, 2011 Sep. RCOG. The investigation and management of endometriosis. Green-top guideline 24. 2006 Lobo R. Endometriosis: Etiology, Pathology, Diagnosis and Management. 5th ed. Katz VL, editor. Comprehensive Gynecology. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:473–499. Alifano M, Roth T, Broet SC, Schussler O, Magdeleinat P, Regnard JF. Catamenial pneumothorax: a prospective study. Chest. 2003;124:1004–1008. Bagan P, Le Pimpec Barthes F, Assouad J, Souilamas R, Riquet M. Catamenial pneumothorax: retrospective study of surgical treatment. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;75:378–81; discusssion 81. Weir E, Mustard C, Cohen M, Kung R. Endometriosis: What is the risk of hospital admission, readmission, and major surgical intervention? J Minim Invasive Gynecol 2005;12:486–93. Shakiba K, Bena JF, McGill KM, Minger J, Falcone T. Surgical treatment of endometriosis: a 7-year follow up on the requirement for further surgery. Obstet Gynecol 2008;111: 1285–92. John D Thompson. Operative Injuries to the Ureter: Prevention, Recognition, and Management. In: John A Rock and John D Thompson. Te Lindes Operative Gynecology. Eighth. Philadelphia New York: Lippincott-Raven; 1997:Chapter 40 Pages 1135-1173. Thakar R, Ayers S, Georgakapolou A, Clarkson P, Stanton S, Manyonda I. Hysterectomy improves quality of life and decreases psychiatric symptoms: a prospective and randomised comparison of total versus subtotal hysterectomy. BJOG. Oct 2004;111(10):1115-20. Eskenazi B, Warner ML. Epidemiology of endometriosis. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. Jun 1997;24(2):235-258. Wykes CB, Clark TJ, Khan KS. Accuracy of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of endometriosis: a systematic quantitative review. BJOG. Nov 2004;111(11):1204-1212. Ruth H, Helen M, David B, Stephen K. Delay in diagnosis of endometriosis: a survey of women from the USA and the UK. Human Reproduction; 1996: vol.11 no.4 pages 878-880. Kjerulff KH, Langenberg PW, Rhodes JC, et al. Effectiveness of hysterectomy. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;95:319-326. Rice CN, Howard CH. Complications of hysterectomy. US Pharm. 2006; 31(9):HS-16-HS-24. Greer IA. Epidemiology, risk factors and prophylaxis of venous thrombo-embolism in obstetrics and gynaecology. Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 11:403. Garry R, Fountain J, Mason S, et al. The eVALuate study: two parallel randomised trials, one comparing laparoscopic with abdominal hysterectomy, the other comparing laparoscopic with vaginal hysterectomy. BMJ 2004; 328:129. Mà ¤kinen J, Johansson J, Tomà ¡s C, et al. Morbidity of 10 110 hysterectomies by type of approach. Hum Reprod 2001; 16:1473.